UPC EETAC Bachelor's Degree in Telecommunications Systems and in Network Engineering EEL
 

CSD table of content and site map

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An introduction to digital systems using VHDL and to microcontroller applications using C

CSD content discussed in lectures and labs and applied for designing projects. Similar materials and slides can be found in book chapters and webs all over the Internet. NOTE: be aware that materials that are not from this CSD course will contain different symbols, naming conventions and writing styles, and thus, we will rename and adapt them in order to be used in our CSD subject as study materials.

Chapter I. Combinational circuits

1.1. Introduction to digital electronics [L1.1]

 

1.2. Project organisation in CSD [L1.1]

1.2. 1. Specifications

1.2.2. Planning

1.2.3. Development

1.2.4. Test and verification

1.2.5. Cross-curricular skills (1) (2) (3) (4) to be practised in CSD for implementing projects

1.2.6. Our rubric for correction and marking.

 

1.3. Logic gates  [L1.2]

1.3.1. Symbols

1.3.1.1. Buffer (non-inverter)

1.3.1.2. Inverter (NOT)

1.3.1.3. AND, NAND

1.3.1.4. OR, NOR

1.3.1.5. XOR, NXOR

1.3.1.6. Tri-state buffers and pin bi-directionality (explained in L9.1)

1.3.2. Equations in Boole's algebra

1.3.3. Truth table and canonical equations

1.2.3.1. Sum of minterms

1.2.3.2. Product of maxterms

1.3.4. Timing diagrams

 

1.4. Analysis concept map: methods for simple combinational circuits {Circuit_C , P1 section A}, {Circuits P}, {Circuit Q}, {Circuit_K}

1.4.1. Method I: Pen and paper analysis using boolean algebra [L1.3]

1.4.1.1. Properties of boolean functions

1.4.1.2. Duality principle, De Morgan's laws

1.4.1.3. Product of sums (PoS)

1.4.1.4. Sum of products (SoP)

1.4.1.5. Any type of equation or non-standard forms

1.4.2. Method II: Proteus simulation (virtual laboratory) of logic circuits for deducing truth tables [Lab1_1] [PLA1_1] 

1.4.2.1. SPICE algorithms

1.4.2.1.1. Proteus ISIS from Labcenter Electronics (EETAC licence available) (intended for all CSD projects)

1.4.2.1.2. Optional. Multisim (from National Instruments, UPC license available)

1.4.2.2. Optional. Digital simulators

1.4.2.2.1. Hades: interactive simulation framework

1.4.2.2.2. Deeds: Digital electronics education and design suite

1.4.2.2.3. LogicWorks:  is a schematic drawing and interactive digital simulation package for demonstrating logic design principles and practices within the education sector and industry.

1.4.2.3. Optional. Printed circuit board (PCB) design

1.4.2.3.1. Ultiboard (from National Instruments, UPC licence available)

1.4.2.3.2. Eagle, KiCAD, Fritzing

1.4.3. Method III: Analysis using synthesis and simulation EDA tools [Lab1_2] [PLA1_2] 

1.4.4. Method IV: WolframAlpha numerical engine for calculating truth tables and deducing logic circuits [Lab1_1]

 

1.5. Design flow for inventing combinational circuits using VHDL [L1.4]

1.5.1. Specifications, design concept map

1.5.1.1. Symbol or entity

1.5.1.2. Truth table

1.5.1.3. Example timing diagram. The Min_Pulse concept

1.5.2. CSD design plans

1.5.2.1. Plan A: structural/equations single-file [Lab2] (P1 design section) [PLA2] 

1.5.2.1.1. Canonical equations: sum of minterms or product of maxterms

1.5.2.1.2. Minimised equations: SoP or PoS

- Espresso heuristic algorithm: minilog.exe

- Truth table translated to Minilog text input format (.tbl)

- Minilog minimisation results: SoP or PoS logic equations and equation converter

- Don't-care inputs ("x" or "-")

- Incomplete functions: don't cares outputs [L2.5]

- Logic Friday and Karnaugh maps (not covered)

1.5.2.1.3. Only-NOR gates [L1.5] 

1.5.2.1.4. Only-NAND gates [L1.5] 

1.5.2.1.5. Any kind of nonstandard equation

1.5.2.2. Plan B: behavioural/algorithm single-file description [Lab2]

1.5.2.2.1. Direct translation of the truth table

1.5.2.2.2. Interpreting the truth table as a flowchart

1.5.2.2.3. Solving combinational circuits using C language and microcontrollers (covered in Chapter 3)

1.5.2.3. Plan C1: hierarchical designs (in CSD is used only in the FSM architecture in Chapter 2 [L6.1])

1.5.2.4. Plan C2: hierarchical design multiple-file using components and signals [Lab3] [PLA3]

1.5.2.4.1. Circuit expansion using components of the same kind

1.5.2.4.2. The method of decoders (MoD) [L3.3]

1.5.2.4.3. The method of multiplexers (MoM) [L3.3] [Lab3]

1.5.2.4.4. The method of ROM memory cells or RAM lookup tables (covered in Chapter 2)

1.5.3. Development [Lab2]

1.5.3.1. VHDL translation. Project location.

1.5.3.2. Project synthesis for a target PLD.

1.5.3.3. Target chip resource usage (logic elements)

1.5.3.4. RTL view schematic

1.5.3.5. Technology schematic

1.5.4. Test and verification (ideal/functional) [Lab2]

1.5.4.1. Test-bench fixture schematic and test-bench VHDL file

1.5.4.2. Stimulus process

1.5.4.3. Functional simulation and wave results discussion

1.5.5. Test and verification [L4.3] (target chip / technology) Lab4] [PLA4]

1.5.5.1. Gate-level simulation: propagation delay measurement

1.5.5.2. Timing analyser spreadsheet: worst-case scenario, longest propagation delay (tP)

1.5.5.3. Calculating circuit's maximum speed (fMAX).

1.5.6. Project report and presentation [2] [L1.1]

1.5.6.1. Handwritten sketches (intended for all CSD projects)

1.5.6.2. English  [3]

1.5.6.3. Presentation slides  [2]

1.5.6.4. Correction grid and self-assessment (or guidelines/rubric on how to generate high quality reports)

1.5.7. Prototyping and laboratory measurements

1.5.7.1. CPLD/FPGA laboratory training boards

1.5.7.1.1. Basic boards: DE10-Lite

1.5.7.1.2. Advanced boards

1.5.7.2. Laboratory instrumentation

1.5.7.2.1. Logic analyser

1.5.7.2.2. Pulse generator

1.5.7.2.3. Compact instrumentation

 

1.6. Standard logic gates chips and circuits [L1.6]

1.6.1. Logic families

1.6.1.1. TTL, LS-TTL, HC, HCT, etc. (internal gate design not covered)

1.6.1.2. CMOS. How do NMOS/PMOS transistors work as ideal electronic switches?

1.6.2. Standard chip references for classic logic families

1.6.3. Electrical characteristics of logic gates

1.6.3.1. Voltage levels. What range is interpreted as '0' and as '1'? 

1.6.3.2. Noise margin high (NMH), noise margin low (NML), logic family compatibility

1.6.3.3. Input-output transfer characteristic VO = f(VI)

1.6.3.4. Current and power consumption [L4.3]

1.6.3.5. Digital circuit propagation time, worst-case scenario: longest propagation delay [Lab4] [L4.3]

1.6.3.6. How fast is a digital circuit? [L4.3]

1.6.4. Input push-buttons and switches

1.6.4.1. Active-high button circuit

1.6.4.2. Active-low button circuit

1.6.5. Driving LED  [L2.4]

1.6.5.1. LED biasing characteristics

1.6.5.2. Active-low and active-high outputs

1.6.5.3. Limiting resistor for worst-case scenario

1.6.6. Driving 7-segment displays [L2.4]

1.6.6.1. Common anode digits

1.6.6.2. Common cathode digits

1.6.6.3. Multiplexed operation using electronic transistor switches

 

1.7. Standard combinational logic circuits [L2.1]

1.7.1. Concept map

1.7.1.1. Truth table, symbol, timing diagram

1.7.1.2. Chip expansion, enable input

1.7.1.3. Examples of commercial chips

1.7.1.4. VHDL design plans

1.7.2. Multiplexer (MUX_2^n) or data selector [L2.1]

1.7.2.1. Description (specifications)

1.7.2.2. Design examples: {MUX_8} plan A [Lab2], {MUX_8} plan B [Lab2], {Dual_MUX_4} plan A, {Dual_MUX_4} plan B

1.7.2.3. MUX expansion circuits: {MUX_8} plan C1, {MUX_8} plan C2,  {Dual_MUX_4} plan C2

1.7.2.4. Commercial chips

1.7.3. De-multiplexer (DeMUX_2^n) or data distributor [L2.2]

1.7.3.1. Description (specifications)

1.7.3.2. Design examples {DeMUX_4} plan A, {DeMUX_8} plan B

1.7.3.3. DeMUX expansion circuits: {DeMUX_8} plan C2

1.7.3.4. Commercial chips

1.7.4. Binary decoder [L2.3]

1.7.4.1. Description (specifications)

1.7.4.2. Design examples: {Dec_3_8} plan A,  {Dec_3_8} plan B, Dec_4_16 plan B,

1.7.4.3. Decoder expansion circuits: {Dec_5_32} plan C2)

1.7.4.4. Commercial chips

1.7.5. Binary encoders (priority high) [L2.3]

1.7.5.1. Description (specifications)

1.7.5.2. Design examples: Enc_8_3, {Enc_10_4} plan A, {Enc_10_4} plan B

1.7.5.3. Encoder expansion circuits: {Enc_4_10} plan C2

1.7.5.4. Commercial chips

1.7.6. Hexadecimal to 7-segment decoder [L2.4]

1.7.6.1. Basic decoder {Hex_7seg_decoder} plan A,  {Hex_7seg_decoder} plan B

1.7.6.2. Control signals: blanking, ripple blanking, lamp test

1.7.6.3. Commercial chips

1.7.6.4. Design examples

 

1.8. Binary codes and code converters [L3.1]

1.8.1. Radix-2 (base 2) and radix-16 (hexadecimal) number systems

1.8.2. Gray code

1.8.3. BCD (binary-coded decimal)

1.8.4. One-hot and one-cold

1.8.5. Johnson

1.8.6. Keyboard symbols: ASCII, etc.

1.8.7. MORSE code

1.8.8. Code converter circuits

1.8.8.1. Bin_BCD_converter_6bit

1.8.8.2. Gray_Bin_converter_4bit

 

1.9. Binary (radix-2) arithmetic circuits

1.9.1. Addition [L3.1]

1.9.1.1. 1-bit full adder block: {Adder_1bit plan A} [L3.1],  {Adder_1bit} plan B, {Adder_1bit} plan C2 MoM [Lab 3] and {Adder_1bit} plan C2 MoD

1.9.1.2. n-bit adders [L3.2]

1.9.1.2.1. Ripple-carry adder:{Adder_4bit}, {Adder_8bit} [Lab 3], {Adder_16bit} [Lab 4],

1.9.1.2.2. Carry-lookahead adder: {Adder_4bit}, {Adder_16bit} [Lab 4]

1.9.1.3. Commercial standard adder chips in classic technologies

1.9.2. Comparator

1.9.2.1. Expandable 1-bit comparator: {Comp_1bit} plan A [L3.1], {Comp_1bit} plan B,  {Comp_1bit} using plan C2 MoM

1.9.2.2. n-bit comparators [L3.2]

1.9.2.2.1 {Comp_4bit} plan A, {Comp_4bit} plan C2,  {Comp_10bit} plan C2

1.9.2.2.2 24-bit tree comparator (Comp_24bit)

1.9.2.3. Commercial standard comparator chips in classic technologies

1.9.3. Multiplier

1.9.3.1. 1-bit multiplier cell, {Mult_1bit} [L3.1]

1.9.3.2. Example of 8-bit multiplier {Mult_8bit} (optional {Mult_8bit} using plan B)

1.9.4. Counting the number of ones in a vector input (for example counting cars in parking slots) [L3.2]

1.9.4.1. Counting the number of ones in a 4-bit vector {Ones_counter_4bit}

1.9.4.2. Counting the number of ones in a 8-bit vector {Ones_counter_8bit} (P3)

1.9.5. Parity generators and checkers {Parity_gen_8bit}, {Parity_check_9bit}

 

1.10. Integer arithmetic [L4.1]

1.10.1. Integer number two's complement (2C) representation

1.10.2. Adder-subtractor (P4) {Int_add_subt_8bit}

1.10.3. Multiplier {Int_mult_8bit}

1.10.4. Comparator {Int_Comp_8bit} 

 

1.11. Arithmetic Logic Unit {ALU_4bit} [L4.2]

1.11.1. Conceptual architecture

1.11.2. Bitwise logic operations (AND, OR, etc.)

1.11.3. Commercial standard arithmetic chips in classic technologies

 

1.12. Hardware description languages

1.12.1. VHDL (intended for all Ch1 and Ch2 CSD projects)

1.12.2. Verilog (not covered)

 

1.13. Target chips: programmable logic devices (PLD ) [L4.3]

1.13.1. sPLD (ispGAL22V10) and programmable arrays to implement logic functions

1.13.2. CPLD: complex programmable logic device

1.13.3. FPGA: field programmable gate array. DE10-Lite, MAX II Micro Kit, DE2-115 boards

 

1.14. Electronic design automation (EDA) tools for synthesis

1.14.1. Lattice Semiconductor ispLEVER Classic / Diamond

1.14.2. Xilinx Vivado / ISE

1.14.3. Intel Quartus Prime (intended for all Ch1 and Ch2 CSD projects)

 

1.15. EDA tools for testing and verification

1.15.1. ALDEC Active HDL Lattice Edition

1.15.2. Xilinx ISim

1.15.3. Mentor Graphics ModelSim Intel FPGA Starter Edition (intended for all Ch1 and Ch2 CSD projects)

 

1.16. Additional materials and projects

1.16.1. Sample questionnaires and controls

1.16.2. Assignments collection

1.16.3. Exams

  

Chapter II. Sequential systems

2.1. The concept of memory in digital circuits. Current state and next state [L5.1]

 

2.2. Latch circuits: asynchronous 1-bit memory cells

2.2.1 Latch RS (RS_latch).

2.2.1.1. Function table, state diagram, timing diagram

2.2.1. 2. How to design RS_latch using gates (structural plan A)

2.2.1.3. RS_latch used as push-button debouncing circuit

2.2.1.4. Commercial circuit

2.2.2. Transparent D latch (D_latch)

2.2.2.1. Function table, state diagram, timing diagram

2.2.2.2. Commercial circuit

 

2.3. Flip-flop. Synchronous 1-bit memory cell [L5.2]

2.3.1. The concept of CLK signal. Synchronicity

2.3.2. CLK circuits

2.3.2.1. RC circuit

2.3.2.2. Integrated circuit 555 oscillator

2.3.2.3. Quartz crystal oscillator

2.3.4. The concept of clear direct (CD) or asynchronous reset [L5.2]

2.3.5. Power-ON reset and system initialisation[L5.2]

2.3.6. Standard flip-flops [L5.2]

2.3.6.1. RS flip-flop (RS_FF)

2.3.6.1.1. Deducing RS_FF from RS_latch, CLK's rising-edge detector

2.3.6.1.2. Function table, state diagram, timing diagram

2.3.6.1.3. Commercial chip

2.3.6.2. Data flip-flop (D_FF)  [L5.3]

2.3.6.2.1. Deducing D_FF from RS_FF

2.3.6.2.2. Function table, state diagram, timing diagram

2.3.6.2.3. Commercial chip

2.3.6.3. JK flip-flop (JK_FF)

2.3.6.3.1. Function table, state diagram, timing diagram

2.3.6.3.2. Commercial chip

2.3.6.4. Toggle flip-flop (T_FF)

2.3.6.4.1. Function table, state diagram, timing diagram

2.3.6.4.2. Frequency divider by two

2.3.7. Analysis of asynchronous and synchronous circuits based on flip-flops and logic [Lab 5]  [PLA5] (P5) {Circuit_Async}  {Circuit_Async3} {Circuit_Async4} {Circuit_Sync1}

2.3.7.1. Method I: handwritten pen-and-paper analysis and discussion. Has the circuit any application? How many states does the circuit have?

2.3.7.2. Method II: using Proteus

2.3.7.3. Method III: using VHDL synthesis and simulation tools (plan C2 circuit)

 

2.4. Digital memory chips [L5.4]

2.4.1. Symbol, address and data

2.4.2. General architecture

2.4.3. Tri-state gates

2.4.4. How to make a wire or a cable bi-directional? Bus concept

2.4.5. ROM: read-only memory

2.4.5.1.VHDL circuit for describing ROM memory devices.

2.4.5.2.Method of ROM for implementing logic functions in VHDL, look-up tables (LUT)

2.4.6. (optional) RAM: random access memory

2.4.6.1. VHDL circuit (RAM_2^nxm, for example: RAM_16x5) and the idea of intellectual property (IP) specific circuits for a given target technology

2.4.6.2. Tri-state buffer in VHDL

 

2.5. Finite State Machine (FSM): Concept and design procedure [L6.1] [Lab 6] [PLA6]

2.5.1.Specifications

2.5.1.1. Function table, symbol, state diagram

2.5.1.2. CLK and CD circuits

2.5.1.3. Example of timing diagram

2.5.1.4. FSM systematic design procedure

2.5.2.Planning

2.5.2.1. Architecture: canonical, synchronous, plan C1: hierarchical, structural in a single VHDL file

2.5.2.2. State diagram, and FSM adaptation

2.5.2.3. State register: r-bit memory (D_FF), state encoding (binary sequential, Gray, one-hot, etc.)

2.5.2.4. Output logic (CC2): truth table, behavioural interpretation: flowchart

2.5.2.5. Next state logic (CC1): truth table, behavioural interpretation: flowchart

2.5.3. Developing

2.5.3.1. VHDL translation, state enumeration, project location.

2.5.3.2. Synthesis project for a target chip. FSM encoding options

2.5.3.3. Target chip resource usage (D_FF registers)

2.5.3.4. RTL and technology view discussion

2.5.3.5. FSM state diagram discussion

2.5.4. Testing (functional)

2.5.4.1. Test-bench fixture schematic and test-bench VHDL file

2.5.4.2. CLK and other signals stimulus processes

2.5.4.3. Functional simulation and wave results discussion

2.5.4.3. Internal signals representation (current_state, next_state)

2.5.5. Testing (technology)

2.5.5.1. Gate-level (timing) simulation and results discussion

2.5.5.2. Propagation time CLK to output measurements (tCO)

2.5.5.3. Timing analyser spreadsheet and measurement of the maximum frequency of operation

2.5.6. Prototyping using FPGA training boards

 

2.6. Examples of FSM in VHDL: single-file (plan C1) projects [L6.2]

2.6.1. Designing flip-flops as FSM (two-state machines)

2.6.1.1. RS flip-flop (RS_FF is JK_FF never using J = 1; K = 1}

2.6.1.2. D-type (data) flip-flop {D_FF}

2.6.1.3. JK flip-flop {JK_FF}

2.6.1.4. T-type (toggle) flip-flop {T_FF}

2.6.2. Classroom luminaries control [Lab 6]

2.6.3. 16-key matrix keypad encoder (P6) {Matrix_encoder_16key}[L6.2]

2.6.4. Push-button de-bouncing filter {Debouncing_filter}

2.6.5. Traffic light controller  {Traffic_light_controller}

2.6.6. Stepper motor controller

2.6.7. LED sequencer

2.6.8. Bicycle torch {LED bicycle torch}

2.6.9. Advanced matrix keypad (registered output with handshake signals)

 

2.7. Standard synchronous sequential systems as FSM [L7.1]

2.7.1. Concept map

2.7.2. Counters

2.7.2.1. Symbol, function table, modulo, timing diagram, state diagram, commercial chips

2.7.2.2. Control signals: count enable (CE), up and down (UD_L) or reversibility

2.7.2.3. Control signals: terminal count (TC) pulse

2.7.2.4. Output code:

2.7.2.4.1. Radix-2 (binary sequential)

2.7.2.4.2. BCD

2.7.2.4.3. One-hot or one-cold

2.7.2.4.4. Gray, Johnson, etc.

2.7.2.5. Design plan X: designing counters as FSM for small number of states and any output code

2.7.2.5.1. Example: Synchronous 1-digit BCD counter {Counter_BCD_1digit}  [L7.1]

2.7.2.5.2. Example: Counter_mod12 {Counter_mod12}

2.7.2.5.3. Example: Counter_Gray_3bit

2.7.2.5.4. Example: Counter_Johnson_5bit

2.7.3. Radix-2 binary counters (Counter_modM), large number of states [L7.1]

2.7.3.1. Symbol, function table, modulo, timing diagram, state diagram, commercial chips

2.7.3.2. Additional control signal: parallel load (LD) or pre-setting output value

2.7.3.3. Design plan Y: designing synchronous counters using the VHDL arithmetic library and STD_LOGIC_VECTOR, single-file VHDL project

2.7.3.3.1. Example: Counter modulo 12  {Counter_mod12} [Lab 7]

2.7.3.3.2. Example: Counter_BCD_1digit {Counter_BCD_1digit}

2.7.3.3.3. Example: The versatile counter modulo 16 radix-2 {Counter_mod16}

2.7.3.3.4. Example: Counter_mod1M (one million states)

2.7.4. Count truncation and count expansion [L7.3]

2.7.4.1. Concepts and chaining signals

2.7.4.2. Design plan C2: designing synchronous counters using hierarchical structures, standard components (Counter_mod16) and logic, VHDL multiple-file project

2.7.4.2.1. Example of count truncation: Counter modulo 12 {Counter_mod12}[Lab 7] [PLA7]

2.7.4.2.2. Example of count truncation: Counter modulo 10 {Counter_BCD_1digit}  [L7.3]

2.7.4.2.3. Example of count expansion: 2-digit (modulo 100) BCD counter {Counter_BCD_2digit}

2.7.4.2.4. Example of count expansion and truncation: Minutes_counter {Counter_BCD_mod60}

2.7.4.2.5. Example of count expansion: Counter BCD module 24 {Hour_counter} (P7)

2.7.5. n-bit data register (Data_reg_nbit) [L7.2]

2.7.5.1. Symbol, function table, parallel load, timing diagram, state diagram, commercial chips

2.7.5.2. Plan Y {Data_reg_4bit}

2.7.5.3. Plan C2 using components (Counter_mod16 or Data_reg_4bit)

2.7.6. n-bit shift register (Shift_reg_nbit) [L7.2]

2.7.6.1. Symbol, function table, parallel load, timing diagram, state diagram, commercial chips

2.7.6.2. Plan Y {Shift_reg_4bit}

2.7.6.3. Plan C2 using components (Shift_reg_4bit)

 

2.8. Dedicated processors or subsystems [L8.1] [PLA7]

2.8.1. Architecture of an advanced digital system

2.8.2. Datapath (operational) unit, data input/output, status signals and flags

2.8.3. Control unit (FSM). Control signals, external inputs and outputs

2.8.4. CLK generator circuit  [L8.2]

2.8.4.1. Frequency divider

2.8.4.2. Pulsed to square waveform converter using T_FF

2.8.4.3. Adaptable generic structure

2.8.5. Examples and applications of dedicated processors

2.8.5.1. MM:SS timer (P8) {Timer_MMSS}

2.8.5.1.1. The basic idea of a timer circuit

2.8.5.1.2. RC timer and re-triggerable functionality

2.8.5.1.3. Integrated circuit 555 timer

2.8.5.2. Serial multiplier {Mult_4bit}

2.8.5.3. Programmable timer

2.8.5.4. Serial {Adder_4bit}

2.8.5.5. Serial asynchronous receiver and transmitter subsystem {UART_module}

2.8.5.6. Pulse generator.

 

2.9. Additional materials and projects

2.9.1. Sample questionnaires and controls

2.9.2. Assignments

2.9.3. Exams

  

Chapter III. Microcontrollers

3.1. Microcomputer architecture and basics [L9.1]

3.1.1. Microprocessor (µP)

3.1.2. Microcontroller (µC), RAM, ROM, I/O

3.1.3. Harvard and Von Neumann architectures

3.1.4. PIC18F4520 chip architecture.  8-bit µC from Microchip. The architecture of the PIC18F family (intended for all Chapter III projects)

3.1.5. Microchip: PIC16F877A, ATmega8535, ATmega328P (the one used in Arduino boards)

3.1.6. Low-level assembly and high-level C languages

 

3.2. (Optional) Other µC families and chips

3.2.1. Texas Instruments

3.2.2. Renesas

3.2.3. NXP

3.2.4. STMicroelectronics

3.2.5. Infineon (Cypress)

 

3.3. EDA tools for developing and testing

3.3.1. Microchip integrated development environment (IDE) MPLAB X  (intended for all Ch3 CSD projects)

3.3.2. C compiler XC8  (intended for all Ch3 CSD projects)

3.3.3. Proteus VSM as the virtual laboratory simulation tool

 

3.4. Digital I/O. Combinational circuits in C

3.4.1. Specifications

3.4.1.1. Truth table, symbol, timing diagram

3.4.1.2. Symbol

3.4.1.3. Timing diagram

3.4.2. Planning [L9.2] [Lab9]

3.4.2.1. Hardware schematic

3.4.2.1.1. Connecting switches and buttons

3.4.2.1.2. Oscillator (OSC) and reset (MCLR_L) circuits

3.4.2.1.3. Interfacing LED [L2.4]

3.4.2.1.4. Tri-state logic gates and wire/pin bi-directionality.

3.4.2.2. Software organisation: setup, main loop

3.4.2.2.1. Hardware-software diagram

3.4.2.2.2. RAM variables

3.4.2.2.3. init_system(): I/O port pin configuration data direction register TRIS.

3.4.2.2.4. read_inputs() [L9.3]

3.4.2.2.5. truth_table(), behavioural description, algorithm

3.4.2.2.6. write_outputs() [L9.4]

3.4.3. Development and testing

3.4.3.1. Proteus schematic capture: pdsprj file

3.4.3.2. MPLABX project for PIC18F4520: C source file

3.4.3.3. Project compilation and chip configuration files: hex, cof

3.4.3.4. Proteus simulation and testing. Step by step debugging, watch variables window

3.4.3.5. Software/assembly execution time measurements

3.4.4. Example projects

3.4.4.1. Dual 4-channel multiplexer {Dual_MUX_4} [Lab9] [PLA9]

3.4.4.2. 1-digit BCD adder {Adder_BCD_1digit} (P9)

3.4.5. (optional) Prototyping and laboratory experimentation (Explorer8, PICDEM2 plus)

3.4.5.1. Chip programmer and program download

3.4.5.2. In-circuit debugging: ICD3, Pickit3

3.4.5.3. Measurements and characterisation

 

3.5. FSM implementation in C language

3.5.1. Specifications  [L10.1]

3.5.1.1. FSM concept adaptation to µC

3.5.1.2. CLK interface using interrupts

3.5.2. Planning

3.5.2.1. Hardware-software diagram

3.5.2.2. Interrupts: interrupt service routine ISR(). External event detection INT (CLK and push-button interface)

3.5.2.3. output_logic() and write_outputs()

3.5.2.4. state_logic() and read_inputs()

3.5.3. Development and testing

3.5.4. Examples

3.5.4.1. 4-bit asynchronous serial transmitter [L10.2] (P10) {Serial_transmitter}

3.5.4.2. 12-states Johnson sequencer {Johnson_sequencer_mod12}

3.5.4.3. 1-digit BCD counter (plan X) [Lab10]  [PLA10] {Counter_BCD_1digit}

3.5.4.4. Modul 1572 binary radix-2 counter (plan Y) [Lab10] {Counter_mod1572}

3.5.4.5. Traffic light controller

3.5.4.6. Stepper motor driver

 

3.6. Peripherals: LCD [L11]

3.6.1. LCD technology and controllers

3.6.2. LCD C libraries

3.6.3. Examples

3.6.3.1- 1-digit BCD adder with LCD display {Adder_BCD_1digit_LCD}

3.6.3.2. Serial transmitter with LCD display  (P11) {Serial_transmitter_LCD} (design phase#2)

 

3.7. Dedicated processors in C (datapath, control unit ) [L12.1] 

3.7.1. Hardware-software diagram

3.7.2. Examples: Timer

3.7.2.1. Fixed-time timer with external CLK time-base [Lab11]  [PLA11]  {Timer} (design phase#1)

3.7.2.2. Fixed-time timer with LCD   [Lab11] {Timer_LCD} (design phase#2)

3.7.3. Examples: event counter

3.7.3.1. Tachometer, speed meter, odometer

 

3.8. Peripherals: Timer0 (TMR0) [L12.2] and Timer2 (TMR2) [L12.2]  

3.8.1. TMR0 hardware circuit and configuration registers

3.8.2. TMR2 hardware circuit and configuration registers

3.8.3. Examples: Timer (continuation) 

3.8.3.1. Serial transmitter with TMR0 (P12) {s_trans_LCD_TMR0} (design phase#3)

3.8.3.2. Serial transmitter with TMR2 {s_trans_LCD_TMR2} (design phase#4)

3.8.3.3. Fixed-time timer with LCD and time-base TMR0 [Lab11] {Timer_LCD_TMR0} (design phase#3)

3.8.3.4. Fixed-time timer with LCD and time-base TMR2 {Timer_LCD_TMR2} (design phase#4)

3.8.4. Other examples  [L12.3]  

3,8.4.1. 6-bit Johnson sequencer using TMR0  {Johnson_sequencer_mod12_LCD_TMR} (design phase#3)

3.8.4.2. Duty-cycle modulator: LED dimmer

 

3.9. Optional extended content. Other peripherals

3.9.1. Timer1 (TMR1)

3.9.2. A/D, EEPROM, USART, I2C, PWM, etc.

3.9.3. Port B interrupt on change (adapting matrix keypads)

 

3.10. Optional extended content. Other microcontrollers and microcomputers

3.10.1. PIC16F877, ATmega8535

3.10.2. Arduino. ATmega328P chip

3.10.3. Raspberry Pi.

 

3.11. Project examples, final bachelor thesis, research papers, books, etc. [L12.3]  

 

3.12. Additional materials and projects

3.12.1. Sample questionnaires and controls

3.12.2. Assignments

3.12.3. Exams