Lab5 PRJ1

Laboratory 6 Analogue inputs, electrical isolation, A/D conversion. Temperature measurement system.

Lab7 [31/3]

1. Specifications

We will discover and apply a new microcontroller peripheral: the analogue to digital converter (A/D). Our project goals are:

(1) Measure three analogue channels at 2 Hz sampling rate. Voltage span: VREF+ = 5 V, VREF- = 0 V. Conceive a temperature acquisition system for three analogue sensors with span from -10°C to 50°C. Temperature resolution 0.1 °C. Start/stop button. Selection of instantaneous or mean temperature values.

(2) Explain how the Arduino A/D subsystem works. Resolution, calibration curve. 

(3) Discuss why analogue instrumentation and isolation amplifiers are required for some sensors and design an example of signal conditioner circuit.

 

Symbol, waveforms, calibration, resolution

Fig. 1. Symbol and connections for the temperature measurement system.

As represented in Fig. 2, after completing the acquisition/measurement/displaying cycle, the system will be idle, doing nothing, waiting for another sampling pulse. In this way, in a new version of the instrument the system can be kept sleeping for saving energy purposes (this enhancement is the purpose of LAB10).

Fig. 2. Waveforms for this application. Example of calibration curve for a given temperature sensor working in the full temperature span DT = 60 °C that would cover the full scale A/D voltage span VFS = V+REF  -  V-REF = 5 V. A 10-bit conversion means that 1 LSB (least significant bit) = 58.6 m°C, that is far more than specified (0.1 °C).

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A/D converter peripheral

Discussion on how the Arduino A/D converter peripheral works. Study the datasheet ATmega328P to analyse the converter architecture and the analogue to digital conversion technique.

Fig. 3. Characteristics of the A/D converter.

Library of Arduino functions to interface the device: analogRead().  The default full span voltage for Arduino UNO is VFS = 5 V. However, we can select another internal voltage value or external voltage such VAREF configuring the function analogReference().

 

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Instrumentation amplifiers for signal conditioning

Conditioning sensor signals is necessary in many applications in order to interface them correctly to the mC A/D converters. They are located far away the electronic equipment, they may develop very low level signals and noise can be easily coupled to the circuit. Operational amplifiers (OA) and instrumentation amplifiers (IA) are usually used. This is a reference on many tutorials on analogue electronics.

Furthermore, in many applications galvanic or optical isolation is required as a security measure for breaking ground loops or for stepping down dangerous high voltages. Isolation amplifiers involving different technologies are required.

Find examples of physical quantities, sensors and recommended signal conditioning circuits. For instance, Fig. 4 shows how a two-OpAmp instrumentation amplifier (IA) is analysed in the tutorial from Analog Devices.

Fig. 4. Two OpAmp instrumentation amplifier (IA) and its ideal analysis using the superposition principle.

Discuss concepts such the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), linear voltage span, maximum differential gain, symmetry, noise rejection, and OpAmps non-idealities (offset, gain, bandwidth, etc.).

How to apply IA as the signal conditioner for our single supply application? We may use rail-to-rail single supply OpAmps for instrumentation applications, such as quad LMC6484. Resistors must be 1% tolerance. References (1) (2).

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Isolation amplifiers

References (1), (2). Read this TI white paper on the several techniques to transmit signals through a galvanic isolation barrier (magnetic, capacitive, optical).

Fig. 5a. AD203 isolation amplifier (ref.) from Analog Devices.

 

Fig. 5b. ISO224 isolation amplifier (ref.) from Texas Instruments.

 

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Current sensing and measurement

Some analogue sensors or actuators require current measurement instead of voltage. Find examples and discuss how currents are captured and why conditoning current has advantages over voltage when sensors are at some distance of the acquisition system.

 

2. Planning the project

Hardware

As explained, not all the voltage span is necessary in our temperature meter.

Fig. 6. Resolution and calibration curve.

An interesting way to input signals to the analogue to digital circuit is simulation sensor voltages by means of potentiometers and voltage dividers to set a given voltage span.

Fig. 7. How to simulate sensor outputs using a potentiometer.

Calculating the signal conditioner for a sensor LM35 working with positive and negative temperatures. As shown in Fig. 8, we can adapt the circuits proposed in LM35 and LM385 (precision voltage reference) datasheets.

Fig. 8. Adjusting the instrumentation amplifier for a single power supply and a temperature resolution 0.1 °C (10 bit).

Fig 9 shows how to adjust the calibration curve to a three OpAmp IA. Calculate resistor values and simulate the circuit placing the project at:

C:\EMC\LAB6\LM35_conditioner_3OpAmp

Fig. 9. Typical three OpAmp instrumentation amplifier (IA) and its ideal analysis using the superposition principle.

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Software

Conceive a FSM for acquiring, measuring and visualising results.

Fig. 10. Example of state diagram. Most of the time, the circuit is doing nothing, waiting for the sampling period flag to trigger acquisition. The application works continuously until ST button is clicked again.

state logic() and output_logic() truth tables in Fig. 11 can be transferred to flowcharts using switch-case structure as usual.

Fig. 11. state_logic and output_logic() functions.

Project location:

C:\EMC\LAB6\Temp_meter1\(design step #1 files)

C:\EMC\LAB6\Temp_meter2\( design step #2 files)

 

3. Development and 4. testing

KEY idea for project implementation: add and debug hardware and software step by step: When you project reaches certain complexity, you must develop and test it in design phases and also subdivide each major design phase in several design steps. For instance:

- Design phase #1: Basic temperature acquisition system as in this LAB6

- Simulate and prototype analogue subsystems such the sensor and signal contitioner

- Design step #1: Only instantaneous temperature measurements

- Design step #1: Add a new switch to select between instantaneous and mean temperature measurements

- Design phase #2: Add an LCD display as proposed in next LAB7

- Design step #1: Represent only ASCII text strings

- Design step #2: Represent also dynamic numerical data.

- Design phase #3: Add analogue outputs for needle panel indicators as proposed in next LAB8

 

Hardware

Analogue conditioner for the LM35 sensor

Fig. 12 is a capture of the analogue sensor conditioner (LM35_conditioner.pdsprj): three OpAmp instrumentation amplifier adjusted for a single +5 voltage supply. It is necessary to design and test this block as a fully independent subcircuit.

Fig. 12. Proteus circuit for simulation all the temperature span or measurement range from -10 °C to +50 °C. Sensor may be connected to voltage references VR (1.5 V) or VAREF (1.24 V).

Analyse the voltage at each input and output and check that the OpAmps work in the linear zone (virtual ground).

Replace the OpAmp by more advanced devices, such LMC6468A, AD824P, etc.

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Hardware & software

As in previous LAB4 and LAB5, when using Arduino or any other microcontroller, it is necessary to develop and test interactively both hardware and software.

Temperature acquisition system

Fig. 13 shows the capture of the Arduino experimentation board (Temperature_meter.zip) (design step #1) considering up to three analogue inputs that can be simulated using potentiometers using jumpers. Optionally, for easy and faster simulation, a voltage-controlled voltage source VCVS can replace the sensor conditioner design equation. The board is inherited from previous project LAB5.

Fig. 13. Hardware circuit to develop the project in Proteus. The analogue sensor LM35 may be connected through a header or simulated using a potentiometer.

 

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We can develop and test a first version (design step #1) where the VM switch is not used and thus only instantaneous measurements are transmitted. And later the software can be enhanced with Temperature_meter.zip (design step #2) where the VM is read and used to select between instantaneous measurements or the mean value of the latest ten measurements. 

Fig. 14. Circuit simulation operating.

 

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Topics in EMC

When dealing with low level analogue signals many concepts intervene and must be analysed. For instance, galvanic or optical isolation, ground loop, noise, interference, common mode voltages and CMRR, twisted pair wiring, shielded wires, ground plane, earth connection, etc.

 

5. Prototyping

PCB implementation of the Arduino shield for analogue measurements. Conceive an Arduino shield for analogue inputs, buttons, switches and LED. Let us make it compatible with previous projects. PCB implementation using Ultiboard.

 

6. Reporting

Report this project as explained in this page.

 

Additional questions:

- Measure how long does it take to acquire a temperature. What is the difference using an Arduino UNO R3 and an Arduino UNO WiFi Rev2?

- Design an alternative signal conditioner for the LM35 using the standard two OpAmp instrumentation amplifier circuit. Try as well to calibrate the same curve and use a single 5V supply voltage. 

- Try to design a signal conditioner for an industrial RTD Pt100 (platinum resistance temperature detector). Temperature range: -50°C to +800°C.

- Replace the internal sampling period mechanism based on polling the function millis() by an external 2 Hz CLK signal attached at INT0 (Arduino pin 2).

 

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